亚洲开发银行各成员体之间的权力分配研究
刘兴宏;
摘要(Abstract)：
国际金融组织的投票权是学术界研究的一个热点议题。本文以亚洲开发银行为例,从金融贡献和投票联盟两个视角检视了各成员体之间的权力分配,并通过实证考察了亚行的两个最大权力体——美国和日本对亚行的经济和商业利益分配的影响。结论是:金融贡献是观察亚行各成员体之间权力分配的一个基本视角,但这种视角并不足以解析亚行各成员体的实际投票力;在投票联盟的作用下,亚行各成员体的实际投票力与其各自所拥有的正式投票权并不总是相称;亚行的权力结构呈现出美日主导的二元特征。
关键词(KeyWords)： 亚洲开发银行;投票权;投票力;投票联盟
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Authors): 刘兴宏;
DOI: 10.13658/j.cnki.sar.2013.01.031
参考文献(References)：
- ①Roy Culpeper,TheMultilateralDevelopmentBanks:Titans or Bethemoths,Canada:Lynne Rienner Publishers,Inc.,1997,p.2.
- ②本文的研究时段限于1966年至2010年,主要是为了避免因中国从2011年起超过美国成为仅次日本之后的亚行第二大认股国而引起对本文观点不必要的争论。
- ③刘兴宏:《亚洲开发银行成立的核心动力因素分析》,《国际论坛》2010年第5期。
- ④Robert Wihtol,The Asian Development Bank and Rural Development,London:The Macmillan Press LTD,1988,p.21.
- ⑤Dennis T.Yasutomo,Japan and the Asian Development Bank,New York:Praeger,1983,p.59.
- ⑥Po-Wen Huang,Jr.,The Asian Development Bank:Diplomacy and Development in Asia,New York:Vantage Press,1975,p.61.
- ⑦ADB,Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank(Article 33).
- ⑧ADB,Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank(Article 5).
- ⑨Robert Wihtol,op.cit.,pp.22～23.
- ⑩目前亚行的特别基金包括:亚洲开发基金、技术援助特别基金、日本特别基金、亚行研究所特别基金、亚洲海啸基金、巴基斯坦地震基金、地区合作与一体化基金、气候变化基金、亚太灾难救援基金(Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund)。
- ADB,Annual Report2009,p.95.
- Robert Wihtol,op.cit.,pp.23～24.
- Jonathan R.Strand,State Power in Multilateral Contexts:Voting Strength in the Multilateral Development Banks(Ph.D.),University of Nebraska,1999,p.77.
- Dick Wilson,A Bank for Half the World:The Story of the Asian Development Bank(1966-1986),Manila:Asian Develop-ment Bank,1987,p.293.
- Dick Wilson,op.cit.,p.293.
- 投票联盟的约翰斯顿权力值是衡量成员体在董事会的投票力的指标,其计算公式为:Jt=Js*Jm。Jt指特定成员最终的约翰斯顿权力值,Js指特定投票联盟的约翰斯顿权力值,Jm指成员在投票联盟内的约翰斯顿权力值。Jonathan R.Strand,“State Power in a Multilateral Context:Voting Strength in the Asian Development Bank”,International Interactions,Vol.25,No.3,1999,p.272.
- Jonathan R.Strand,op.cit.,pp.265～286.
- ADB,Study of Operational Priorities and Plans of the Asian Development Bank for the1980s,Manila:Asian DevelopmentBank,1983,p,133.
- J.Clad,“The Foreseen Issues”,Far Eastern Economic Review,30April1987,pp.55～57.
- ADB,Study of Operational Priorities and Plans of the Asian Development Bank for the1980s,p.133.
- Robert Wihto,l“The Asian Development Bank:Development Financing or Capitalist Export Promotion”,Journal of Contem-porary Asia,Vol.9,Issue 3,1979,p.299.
- Statement by the US Temporary Alternate Governor,ADB,Summary of Proceedings,Fifth Annual Meeting of the Board ofGovernors(Vienna,20～22 April 1972)pp.91～92.
- Statement by the US Temporary Alternate Governor,ADB,Summary of Proceedings,Sixth Annual Meeting of the Board ofGovernors(Manila 26～28 April 1973)p.94.
- Robert Wihtol,The Asian Development Bank and Rural Developmen,p.115.
- Nitish Dut,t“The United States and the Asian Development Bank”,Journal of Contemporary Asia,Vol.27,No.1,1997,p72.
- Nitish Dut,t“The United States and the Asian Development Bank”,pp.72～73